DNA and RNA

[Svartalf]

yes they are, the black and red ones are not really swans.

[JimC]

Not now mitochondria in sperm!
OR
Dawkins was wrong. As were most others.

In "The Blind Watchmaker” (ref. 57, p. 176): “All the mitochondria in you are descended from the small population that traveled from your mother in her egg. Sperms are too small to contain mitochondria (our italics), so mitochondria travel exclusively down the female line, and male bodies are dead ends as far as mitochondrial reproduction is concerned. Incidentally, this means that we can use mitochondria to trace our ancestry strictly down the female line.”

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC19448/

A very minor effect, in the sense that the paternal mitochondrial contribution is minute. From the article:

In contrast, the mammalian oocyte contains around 100,000 (105) to 100,000,000 (108) mitochondria (16), and the human oocyte in particular is estimated to contain 100,000 (105) copies of mtDNA (17). Thus the oocyte’s mtDNA copy number exceeds that of the sperm by a factor of at least 1000 (103).

[Tero]

The police do not keep DNA profiles of suspects after they are cleared. But somehow enough DNA of a relative of the Idaho killer was in a public file.

[NineBerry]

Article is from 1996. There must certainly exist some more recent information.

[Tero]

Which article? Which post?

[NineBerry]

The one about spermal mitochondria in the embryo

[Tero]

mRNA vaccine for cancer
https://news.google.com/articles/CBMiUW ... id=US%3Aen

[Tero]

Direct yahoo link
https://news.yahoo.com/modernas-experim ... 25400.html

[Tero]

Well now. They have been selling her cells and DNA for decades. The least they could do is clone her back from those cells. Minus the cancer gene.
https://apnews.com/article/henrietta-la ... 9a544f0729

[Tero]

RNA Nobel
https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/02/europe/n ... index.html

[Tero]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3

Karikó's work includes the scientific research of RNA-mediated immune activation, resulting in the co-discovery with American immunologist Drew Weissman of the nucleoside modifications that suppress the immunogenicity of RNA

mRNA is produced by synthesising a ribonucleic acid (RNA) strand from nucleotide building blocks according to a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) template, a process that is called transcription.[2] When the building blocks provided to the RNA polymerase include non-standard nucleosides such as pseudouridine — instead of the standard adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, and uridine nucleosides — the resulting mRNA is described as nucleoside-modified.[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosid ... senger_RNA

[Tero]

FDA approves gene editing
https://bioprocessintl.com/bioprocess-i ... l-therapy/

[Tero]

I'm now prevented from using the DVD classes of a particular courses outfit, so started to look for Covid videos on Youtube.

[Tero]

Baby gets gebne for enzyme that is inside mitochondria edited
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamoyl ... nthetase_I
https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-heal ... -inherited

article does not explain how the treatment gets inside cells. You cannot just injeect CRISPR into the blood stream.

[Tero]

This technology has transformed fields such as genetics, medicine,[158][159][160] and agriculture,[161] offering potential treatments for genetic disorders, advancements in crop engineering, and research into the fundamental workings of life. However, its ethical implications and potential unintended consequences have sparked significant debate.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#Applications

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11286548/

Animal models of human diseases are vital in preclinical studies of human diseases. Animal models can accurately simulate the occurrence, development, and clinical manifestations of human diseases and contribute to exploring disease pathogenesis and drug treatment. 8 A variety of animal models simulating human diseases such as hemoglobinopathies, hematological malignancies, some solid tumors, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been developed, and the further exploration of animal models of human diseases will help to improve the preclinical studies of related diseases (Table 3).

They support long‐term xenotransplantation of human stem cells, improving the ability to study HSC implantation. 144 The genetically edited HSPCs were available for transplantation into NSG mice over several months to verify their maintenance level and assess their editing efficiency for research into SCD.

Immunodeficient NOD/B6/SCID/IL‐2rγ/Kit (NBSGW) mice facilitate multilineage HSC transplantation with implanted bone marrow, lymph, and RBCs and the continuous transplantation of HSCs. 149 , 150 NBSGW mice are a powerful system for studying human erythrocyte production in animal models and have been used to explore the implantation and differentiation potential of gene‐edited HSPCs in mice. 149 , 150 Studies have crossed transgenic β‐YAC mice with C57BL/6 mice expressing the human CD46 genomic locus to generate β‐YAC/CD46 mice for in vivo and in vitro HSPC transduction experiments, could be used for SCD and β‐thalassemia studies.

Large animal models such as dogs, pigs, and nonhuman primates (NHPs) are more similar to humans anatomically, immunologically, and lifespan‐wise than small animal models, allowing for longer and more complete studies of clinical drug delivery regimens that should be used in humans.

GENE THERAPY IN HUMAN DISEASES
Treatment options for SCD generally include blood transfusion, iron clearance, and medication, which could partially improve the life expectancy of patients with SCD, but these methods do not fundamentally cure SCD (Figure 4A). HSC transplantation (HSCT) is considered the definitive treatment for SCD, offering a potential cure.

Moreover, SCD patients requiring allo‐HSCT transplantation often lack suitable donors and are at risk of secondary malignancy after allo‐HSCT transplantation. 209 , 210 , 211 In contrast to allo‐HSCT, autologous HSCs are easy to obtain and have a high rate of transplantation success, but have the potential to lead to disease recurrence. 212 In preclinical studies of SCD, CRISPR–Cas9‐based gene editing has mainly focused on the in vitro genetic modification of autologous hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) from patients with SCD, designed to perform a one‐time genetic modification on HSPCs of patient origin, which avoids the requirement for allogeneic healthy donor HSPCs and produces corrected blood cells in the later life of patients with SCD without immunological complications.